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  1. News
  2. Investor
  3. Why is there fear regarding the proposed amendments in the Banking and Financial Instituti...
बाफिया संसोधन विधेयकबाट किन तर्सेको ?
Investor
2 min read
Published on June 6, 2025
Parshuram Kunwar Chhetri

बाफिया संसोधन विधेयकबाट किन तर्सेको ?Why is there fear regarding the proposed amendments in the Banking and Financial Institution Act (BAFIA)?

“बैंकर” र “व्यवसायी” छुट्याउन खोजेको दुई वटा दफाहरु यहाँ चर्चा गरेको छुः

पहिलो हो दफा ५२ (१) - यस दफामा भनिएको छः

“बैक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाले आफुसंग सम्बध्द व्यक्ति वा कुनै बैकमा उल्लेख्य स्वामित्व भएको व्यक्तिलाई कुनै किसिमको कर्जा वा सुविधा प्रदान गर्न पाउने छैन।”

यस दफामा प्रयोग भएका तीन वटा शव्दहरुमा यहाँको ध्यान आकर्षण गर्दछु- “आफुसंग”, व्यक्ति र “बैंक”

दफा २ मा भएको परिभाषा हेर्दा “बैक” भनेको बाणिज्य बैंक र पूर्वाधार विकास बैंक हो!

परिभाषा अनुसार “सम्बध्द व्यक्ति” मा प्रयोग भएको “व्यक्ति” को अर्थ अनुसार प्राकृतिक र कृत्रिम व्यक्ति अर्थात् व्यक्ति तथा संस्था / कम्पनी दुवै पर्दछन भने “उल्लेख्य स्वामित्व” भएको वाक्यांशमा प्रयोग भएको “व्यक्ति” प्राकृतिक व्यक्ति मात्र हो र यस्ले संस्था / कम्पनीलाई समेट्दैन।

यस्को आधारमा यो प्रस्तावित दफा अनुसार बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाहरुले “आफुसंग” सम्वध्द व्यक्ति तथा संस्थाहरुलाई कर्जा वा सुविधा दिन पाउदैनन्! तर, यस्ता सम्बध्द व्यक्ति तथा संस्थाहरुले अन्य बैंक तथा वित्तीय सस्थाहरुबाट भने कर्जा लिन पाउछन्! अहिले भइरहेको विध्द्मान दफामा “आफुसंग” भन्ने शव्द छैन र प्रस्तावित संसोधनले झन उदार बनाउदै प्रस्ट्याएको देखिन्छ। यस्बाट कसैलाई कुनै असर पर्दैन!

प्रस्तावित दफा अनुसार कुनै पनि बाणीज्य बैंक र पूर्वाधार विकास बैकका उल्लेख्य स्वामित्व भएका प्राकृतिक व्यक्तिलाई बैक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाले कर्जा वा सुविधा दिन पाउदैनन्।आफुसंग सम्वध्द नभएका तर अन्य बैक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाहरुका उल्लेख्य स्वामित्व भएका संस्था / कम्पनीहरुलाई र वित्तीय संस्थाहरुका उल्लेख्य स्वामित्व भएका प्राकृतिक व्यक्तिहरुलाई समेत बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाहरुले कर्जा तथा सुविधा दिन यो दफाले रोकेको छैन।

यो दफाको आधारमा बाणीज्य बैंक र पूर्वाधार विकास बैकका उल्लेख्य स्वामित्व भएका प्राकृतिक व्यक्तिहरुले व्यक्तिगत कर्जा (जस्तै, अटो लोन, होम लोन, शेयर कर्जा, ओभरड्राफ्ट आदी) कुनै पनि बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाहरुबाट लिन पाउदैनन्! यही कारणले देशमा न भूकम्प आउँछ न आर्थिक गतिविधि ठप्प हुन्छ!

“बैकर” र “व्यवसायी” छुट्याउन खोजेको अर्को दफा हो- दफा १८ः “संचालकको अयोग्यता” अन्तर्गत उपदफा (१) मा थप्न प्रस्तावित गरिएको खण्ड (च१)! यस्मा भनिएको छः

“सम्बध्द व्यक्ति वा निजको परिवार वा निज र निजको परिवार सम्बध्द कम्पनी वा संस्थाले लिएको कुल व्यावसायिक ऋण निज संचालक हुन चाहेको बैक वा वित्तीय संस्थाको चुक्ता पूंजीको एक प्रतिशत भन्दा बढी भएको,”

यो प्रस्तावित व्यवस्था अनुसार यदी कुनै व्यक्ति कुनै रु १० अर्व (मानौं) चुक्ता पूँजी भएको बैक वा वित्तीय संस्थाको संचालक हुन चाहेमा यदी उक्त व्यक्ति “सम्बध्द व्यक्ति” रहेछ र उक्त व्यक्ति तथा उक्त व्यक्तिसंग सम्बध्द कम्पनी /संस्थाले सम्पूर्ण बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाहरुबाट रु १० करोड़ भन्दा बढीको ऋण लिएको रहेछ भने उक्त व्यक्ति रु १० अर्व चुक्ता पूंजी भएको उक्त बैक वा वित्तीय संस्थाको संचालक हुन पाउदैन! तर, उक्त व्यक्ति “सम्वध्द व्यक्ति” रहेन्छ भने रु १० करोड भन्दा बढी ऋण लिए तापनि उक्त बैंक वा वित्तीय संस्थाको संचालक हुन योग्य हुन्छ! यसर्थ, यो व्यवस्था अनुसार सीमीत “सम्बध्द” व्यक्ति अलि ठूला बैक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाको संचालक हुन पाउदैनन् ! तर यसैका कारणले देशमा न भूकम्प आउँछ न देशमा आर्थिक गतिविधि रोकिन्छ!

“बैंकर” र “व्यवसायी” छुट्याउन प्रस्ताव गरिएका कानुनी व्यवस्थाहरुले प्रतिकूल असर गर्ने नदेखिएकोले यसैलाई देखाएर समाजमा डर, त्रास र कोलाहल मचाउन खोज्नु उपयुक्त हुदैन। राज्यको “बैंकर” र “व्यवसायी” छुट्याउने उद्देश्य भने प्रस्तावित कानुनी व्यवस्थाबाट पूर्ण हाशिल हुने देखिदैन तर यी व्यवस्थाहरु उक्त उद्देश्य हाशिल गर्ने तर्फको एउटा कदम भने हो!

Two sections that seek to distinguish between "bankers" and "businesspeople" have been discussed here:

The first is Section 52(1), which states:

"A bank or financial institution shall not provide any loan or facility to a person who has a significant ownership in the bank or financial institution or to a related party."

The key terms in this section are "related," "person," and "bank." According to the definition in Section 2, "bank" refers to commercial banks and infrastructure development banks. The definition of "related person" includes both natural persons (individuals) and legal persons (companies and institutions). However, the term "significant ownership" refers only to natural persons, not institutions. Therefore, according to the proposed amendment, a bank or financial institution cannot provide loans or facilities to a related person or institution. However, such related persons or institutions may still borrow from other banks and financial institutions. The current law does not contain the term "related," and the proposed amendment clarifies this by making the provision more liberal. This change does not appear to have any significant impact.

According to the proposed section, banks and financial institutions cannot provide loans or facilities to natural persons who have significant ownership in commercial banks and infrastructure development banks. However, the amendment does not prevent loans from being given to institutions or companies with significant ownership by other banks and financial institutions, nor does it stop the financial institutions from lending to individuals with significant ownership in those institutions. Therefore, natural persons who have significant ownership in commercial banks and infrastructure development banks will not be able to obtain personal loans (such as auto loans, home loans, share loans, overdrafts, etc.) from any other banks or financial institutions. Yet, there will be no significant economic disruption or harm to the country due to this provision.

The second section is Section 18: "Ineligibility of Directors," where a new provision (Section 1) has been proposed to be added. It states:

“If the total business loan taken by a related person or their family or a company or institution related to them exceeds one percent of the paid-up capital of the bank or financial institution they intend to be a director of, then they are ineligible to be a director."

According to this provision, if a person wishes to be a director of a bank or financial institution with a paid-up capital of NPR 10 billion, and if that person or their related company/institution has taken more than NPR 100 million in loans from the bank or other financial institutions, then they will not be eligible to be a director of that institution. However, if they are considered a "related person," they will still be eligible to be a director even if they or their related institutions have taken loans exceeding NPR 100 million. Therefore, this provision restricts certain related individuals from becoming directors of larger banks and financial institutions, but it does not lead to any economic collapse or disruption in the country.

The legal provisions proposed to distinguish "bankers" and "businesspeople" do not appear to have any negative effects. Thus, creating fear, panic, and confusion in society based on these provisions is not appropriate. While the state's objective of distinguishing "bankers" and "businesspeople" may not be fully achieved through the proposed legal provisions, these provisions are still a step towards fulfilling that objective.

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